Increased compression efficiency of AVC and HEVC CABAC by precise statistics estimation
Abstract
The paper presents Improved Adaptive Arithmetic Coding algorithm for application in future video compression technology. The proposed solution is based on the Context-based Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding (CABAC) technique and uses the authors’ mechanism of symbols probability estimation that exploits Context-Tree Weighting (CTW) technique. This paper proposes the version of the algorithm, that allows an arbitrary selection of depth of context trees, when activating the algorithm in the framework of the AVC or HEVC video encoders. The algorithm has been tested in terms of coding efficiency of data and its computational complexity. Results showed, that depending of depth of context trees from 0.1% to 0.86% reduction of bitrate is achieved, when using the algorithm in the HEVC video encoder and 0.4% to 2.3% compression gain in the case of the AVC. The new solution increases complexity of entropy encoder itself, however, this does not translate into increase the complexity of the whole video encoder.References
ISO/IEC 13818-2 and ITU-T Rec. H.262, Generic Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio Information – Part 2: Video. (MPEG-2), November 1994.
ITU-T Rec. H.263, Video Coding for Low Bit Rate Communication, August 2005.
ISO/IEC 14496-10, Generic Coding of Audio-Visual Objects, Part 10: Advanced Video Coding, March 2006.
ISO/IEC and ITU-T, High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), ISO/IEC 23008-2 (MPEG-H Part 2) / ITU-T Rec. H.265, April 2013.
G. J. Sullivan, J. –R. Ohm, W. –J. Han, T. Wiegand, Overview of the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) Standard. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 22(12), 1649-1668, 2012.
D
I. H. Witten, J. G. Cleary, and R. Neal, Arithmetic Coding for Data Compression. Communications of the ACM., no. 6, pp. 520-540, June 1987.
D. Marpe, H. Schwarz, and T. Wiegand, Context-Based Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding in the H.264/AVC Video Compression Standard. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol. 13, No. 7, pp. 620-636, July 2003.
M. Mrak, D. Marpe, and T. Wiegand, Application of Binary Context Trees in Video Compression. Picture Coding Symposium (PCS'03), St. Malo, France, April 2003.
D. Karwowski, Improved Arithmetic Coding in H.264/AVC Using Context-Tree Weighting and Prediction by Partial Matching, European Signal Processing Conf. EUSIPCO 2007, pp. 1270-1274, September 2007, Poznań, Poland.
D. Karwowski, and M. Domański, Improved Arithmetic Coding In H.264/AVC Using Context-Tree Weighting Method, Picture Coding Symposium PCS 2007, November 2007, Lisboa, Portugal.
D. Karwowski, M. Domański, Improved Context-Adaptive Arithmetic Coding in H.264/AVC, European Signal Processing Conference EUSIPCO 2009, August 2009, Glasgow, Scotland.
D. Karwowski, M. Domański, Improved Context – Based Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding in MPEG-4 AVC/H.264 Video Codec. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, no. 6375, ss. 25-32, Springer-Verlag (Proceedings ICCVG 2010 Warsaw, Poland, September 20-22, 2010).
D. Karwowski, Improved Adaptive Arithmetic Coding in MPEG-4 AVC/H.264 Video Compression Standard, Advances in Intelligent and Soft Computing vol. 102, Image Processing and Communications Challenges 3, ss. 257-263.
D. Karwowski, Improved Adaptive Arithmetic Coding for HEVC Video Compression Technology, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, no. 7594, ss. 121-128, Springer-Verlag (Proceedings of ICCVG 2012 Warsaw, Poland, September 24-26, 2012).
E. Belyaev, M. Gilmutdinov, and A. Turlikov, Binary Arithmetic Coding System with Adaptive Probability Estimation by “Virtual Sliding Window”. IEEE International Symposium on Consumer Electronics, pp. 1-5, 2006.
D. Hong, M. van der Schaar, B. Pesquet – Popescu, Arithmetic Coding with Adaptive Context-Tree Weighting for the H.264 Video Coders. Visual Communications and Image Processing 2004, Vol. 5308, pp. 12261235, January 2004.
X. Tian, T. M. Le, Y. Lian, Entropy Coders of the H.264/AVC Standard, Springer-Verlag, 2011.
F. M. J. Willems, Y. M. Shtarkov, and Tj. J. Tjalkens, The Context-Tree Weighting Method: Basic Properties, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 653-664, May 1995.
F. M. J. Willems, The Context-Tree Weighting Method: Extensions, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 792-797, March 1998.
F. M. J. Willems, and Tj. J. Tjalkens, Reducing Complexity of the Context-Tree Weighting Method. Proc. IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory, p. 347, Cambridge, Mass., August 16-21, 1998.
M. H. Firooz, M. S. Sadri, Improving H.264/AVC Entropy Coding Engine Using CTW method, Picture Coding Symposium, April 2006.
G. Bjøntegaard, Calculation of Average PSNR Differences between RD curves, ITU-T SG16/Q6, 13th VCEG Meeting, Austin, Texas, USA, April 2001, Doc. VCEG-M33.
A. Alshin, E. Alshina, J. Park, High precision probability estimation for CABAC, Visual Communications and Image Processing (VCIP) 2013, pp. 1-6.
D. Karwowski, M. Domański, Context-Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding with Precise Probability Estimation and Complexity Scalability for High-Efficiency Video Coding, Journal of Electronic Imaging, 25(1), 013010 (January 20, 2016); DOI: 10.1117/1.JEI.25.1.013010.
F. Bossen, Common test conditions and software reference configurations, Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) of ITUT SG16 WP3 and ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11, Doc. JCTVC-J1100, Stockholm, Sweden, July 2012.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2018 International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
1. License
The non-commercial use of the article will be governed by the Creative Commons Attribution license as currently displayed on https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
2. Author’s Warranties
The author warrants that the article is original, written by stated author/s, has not been published before, contains no unlawful statements, does not infringe the rights of others, is subject to copyright that is vested exclusively in the author and free of any third party rights, and that any necessary written permissions to quote from other sources have been obtained by the author/s. The undersigned also warrants that the manuscript (or its essential substance) has not been published other than as an abstract or doctorate thesis and has not been submitted for consideration elsewhere, for print, electronic or digital publication.
3. User Rights
Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, the author(s) and users are free to share (copy, distribute and transmit the contribution) under the following conditions: 1. they must attribute the contribution in the manner specified by the author or licensor, 2. they may alter, transform, or build upon this work, 3. they may use this contribution for commercial purposes.
4. Rights of Authors
Authors retain the following rights:
- copyright, and other proprietary rights relating to the article, such as patent rights,
- the right to use the substance of the article in own future works, including lectures and books,
- the right to reproduce the article for own purposes, provided the copies are not offered for sale,
- the right to self-archive the article
- the right to supervision over the integrity of the content of the work and its fair use.
5. Co-Authorship
If the article was prepared jointly with other authors, the signatory of this form warrants that he/she has been authorized by all co-authors to sign this agreement on their behalf, and agrees to inform his/her co-authors of the terms of this agreement.
6. Termination
This agreement can be terminated by the author or the Journal Owner upon two months’ notice where the other party has materially breached this agreement and failed to remedy such breach within a month of being given the terminating party’s notice requesting such breach to be remedied. No breach or violation of this agreement will cause this agreement or any license granted in it to terminate automatically or affect the definition of the Journal Owner. The author and the Journal Owner may agree to terminate this agreement at any time. This agreement or any license granted in it cannot be terminated otherwise than in accordance with this section 6. This License shall remain in effect throughout the term of copyright in the Work and may not be revoked without the express written consent of both parties.
7. Royalties
This agreement entitles the author to no royalties or other fees. To such extent as legally permissible, the author waives his or her right to collect royalties relative to the article in respect of any use of the article by the Journal Owner or its sublicensee.
8. Miscellaneous
The Journal Owner will publish the article (or have it published) in the Journal if the article’s editorial process is successfully completed and the Journal Owner or its sublicensee has become obligated to have the article published. Where such obligation depends on the payment of a fee, it shall not be deemed to exist until such time as that fee is paid. The Journal Owner may conform the article to a style of punctuation, spelling, capitalization and usage that it deems appropriate. The Journal Owner will be allowed to sublicense the rights that are licensed to it under this agreement. This agreement will be governed by the laws of Poland.
By signing this License, Author(s) warrant(s) that they have the full power to enter into this agreement. This License shall remain in effect throughout the term of copyright in the Work and may not be revoked without the express written consent of both parties.