Analysis of Object Location Accuracy for iBeacon Technology based on the RSSI Path Loss Model and Fingerprint Map
Abstract
This paper presents analysis of object location accuracy of a mobile device on the basis of the iBeacon technology. The research starts with radio signal strength indicator analysis along the corridor in order to create a path loss model for iBeacon. Two cases are taken into account: line of sight and non-line of sight for model creation. For both cases two tests: Chi-square, Shapiro-Wilk have been performed. It has also been checked if the HCI (Host Controller Interface) is a source with a memory. Acquired data have been filtered with different type of filters, e.g. median, moving average and then compared. Next, the authors evaluated the indoor positioning trilateration algorithms with the use of created model for exemplary hall. The RSSI map (radiomap) was created and the logarithm propagation model was designed. The logarithmic model estimated distance with average error 1.09m for 1 – 9m and 1.75m for 1-20m and after trilateration, the positions with average error 2.45m was achieved. A statistical analysis for acquiring data led to the final conclusion which enhanced knowledge about positioning based on the popular iBeacon technology.References
A. Van Nieuwenhuyse, L. De Strycker, N. Stevens, J.-P. Goemaere, and B. Nauwelaers, “Analysis of the Realistic Resolution with Angle of Arrival for Indoor Positioning:,” International Journal of Handheld Computing Research, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 1–16, 32 2013.
K. D’Hoe, G. Ottoy, J.-P. Goemaere, and L. De STRYCKER, “Indoor Room Location Estimation,” Advances in Electrical and Computer Engineering, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 78–81, 2008.
A. H. Sayed, A. Tarighat, and N. Khajehnouri, “Network-based wireless location: challenges faced in developing techniques for accurate wireless location information,” IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 24–40, Jul. 2005.
H. Liu, H. Darabi, P. Banerjee, and J. Liu, “Survey of Wireless Indoor Positioning Techniques and Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Part C (Applications and Reviews), vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 1067–1080, Nov. 2007.
Z. M. Saric, D. D. Kukolj, and N. D. Teslic, “Acoustic Source Localization in Wireless Sensor Network,” Circuits, Systems and Signal Processing, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 837–856, Oct. 2010.
A. K. M. M. Hossain and W.-S. Soh, “A Comprehensive Study of Bluetooth Signal Parameters for Localization,” 2007, pp. 1–5.
Educational Details: Mtech II year NIELIT Aurangabad, N. Allurwar, B. Nawale, and S. Patel, “Beacon for Proximity Target Marketing,” International Journal Of Engineering And Computer Science, May 2016.
M. Botta and M. Simek, “Adaptive Distance Estimation Based on RSSI in 802.15.4 Network,” Radioengineering, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 1162–1168, Dec. 2013.
A. Heinemann, A. Gavriilidis, T. Sablik, C. Stahlschmidt, J. Velten, and A. Kummert, “RSSI-Based Real-Time Indoor Positioning Using ZigBee Technology for Security Applications,” in Multimedia Communications, Services and Security, vol. 429, A. Dziech and A. Czyżewski, Eds. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014, pp. 83–95.
A. T. Parameswaran, M. I. Husain, and S. Upadhyaya, “Is RSSI a reliable parameter in sensor localization algorithms: An experimental study,” presented at the Field Failure Data Analysis Workshop (F2DA09), New York, 2009.
M. S. Gast, Building applications with iBeacon: [proximity and location services with Bluetooth Low Energy], 1. Aufl. Beijing: O’Reilly, 2015.
Beacon technologies: the hitchhiker’s guide to the Beacosystem. New York, NY: Springer Science+Business Media, 2016.
Atreyi Bose and Chuan Heng Foh, “A practical path loss model for indoor WiFi positioning enhancement,” 2007, pp. 1–5.
A. Goldsmith, Wireless Communications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
T. S. Rappaport, Wireless communications: principles and practice, 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall PTR, 2002.
M. Alshami, T. Arslan, J. Thompson, and A. T. Erdogan, “Frequency analysis of path loss models on WIMAX,” 2011, pp. 1–6.
Ł. Chruszczyk, A. Zając, and D. Grzechca, “Comparison of 2.4 and 5 GHz WLAN Network for Purpose of Indoor and Outdoor Location,” International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications, vol. 62, no. 1, Jan. 2016.
P. Gilski and J. Stefański, “Survey of Radio Navigation Systems,” International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications, vol. 61, no. 1, Jan. 2015.
Dai Lu and D. Rutledge, “Investigation of indoor radio channels from 2.4 GHz to 24 GHz,” 2003, vol. 2, pp. 134–137.
G. Luo, “Wavelet Notch Filter Design of Spread-Spectrum Communication Systems for High-Precision Wireless Positioning,” Circuits, Systems, and Signal Processing, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 651–668, Apr. 2012.
V. S. Abhayawardhana, I. J. Wassell, D. Crosby, M. P. Sellars, and M. G. Brown, “Comparison of Empirical Propagation Path Loss Models for Fixed Wireless Access Systems,” 2005, vol. 1, pp. 73–77.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2016 International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
1. License
The non-commercial use of the article will be governed by the Creative Commons Attribution license as currently displayed on https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
2. Author’s Warranties
The author warrants that the article is original, written by stated author/s, has not been published before, contains no unlawful statements, does not infringe the rights of others, is subject to copyright that is vested exclusively in the author and free of any third party rights, and that any necessary written permissions to quote from other sources have been obtained by the author/s. The undersigned also warrants that the manuscript (or its essential substance) has not been published other than as an abstract or doctorate thesis and has not been submitted for consideration elsewhere, for print, electronic or digital publication.
3. User Rights
Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, the author(s) and users are free to share (copy, distribute and transmit the contribution) under the following conditions: 1. they must attribute the contribution in the manner specified by the author or licensor, 2. they may alter, transform, or build upon this work, 3. they may use this contribution for commercial purposes.
4. Rights of Authors
Authors retain the following rights:
- copyright, and other proprietary rights relating to the article, such as patent rights,
- the right to use the substance of the article in own future works, including lectures and books,
- the right to reproduce the article for own purposes, provided the copies are not offered for sale,
- the right to self-archive the article
- the right to supervision over the integrity of the content of the work and its fair use.
5. Co-Authorship
If the article was prepared jointly with other authors, the signatory of this form warrants that he/she has been authorized by all co-authors to sign this agreement on their behalf, and agrees to inform his/her co-authors of the terms of this agreement.
6. Termination
This agreement can be terminated by the author or the Journal Owner upon two months’ notice where the other party has materially breached this agreement and failed to remedy such breach within a month of being given the terminating party’s notice requesting such breach to be remedied. No breach or violation of this agreement will cause this agreement or any license granted in it to terminate automatically or affect the definition of the Journal Owner. The author and the Journal Owner may agree to terminate this agreement at any time. This agreement or any license granted in it cannot be terminated otherwise than in accordance with this section 6. This License shall remain in effect throughout the term of copyright in the Work and may not be revoked without the express written consent of both parties.
7. Royalties
This agreement entitles the author to no royalties or other fees. To such extent as legally permissible, the author waives his or her right to collect royalties relative to the article in respect of any use of the article by the Journal Owner or its sublicensee.
8. Miscellaneous
The Journal Owner will publish the article (or have it published) in the Journal if the article’s editorial process is successfully completed and the Journal Owner or its sublicensee has become obligated to have the article published. Where such obligation depends on the payment of a fee, it shall not be deemed to exist until such time as that fee is paid. The Journal Owner may conform the article to a style of punctuation, spelling, capitalization and usage that it deems appropriate. The Journal Owner will be allowed to sublicense the rights that are licensed to it under this agreement. This agreement will be governed by the laws of Poland.
By signing this License, Author(s) warrant(s) that they have the full power to enter into this agreement. This License shall remain in effect throughout the term of copyright in the Work and may not be revoked without the express written consent of both parties.
